Difference between revisions of "CSC231 Analysis of the Towers of Hanoi"

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----
 
----
 
=A High-Level Version in Python=
 
=A High-Level Version in Python=
 +
==Bare Version==
  
 +
This version contains the bare minimum for the recursive solution to work.  Try it out and play with it.
 
<br />
 
<br />
 
<source lang="python">
 
<source lang="python">
Line 33: Line 35:
 
</source>
 
</source>
 
<br />
 
<br />
 +
Here's the output of small values of N:
 +
<br />
 +
<code><pre>
 +
# of disks? 1
 +
move disk from A to B
 +
# of disks? 2
 +
move disk from A to C
 +
move disk from A to B
 +
move disk from C to B
 +
# of disks? 3
 +
move disk from A to B
 +
move disk from A to C
 +
move disk from B to C
 +
move disk from A to B
 +
move disk from C to A
 +
move disk from C to B
 +
move disk from A to B
 +
# of disks? 4
 +
move disk from A to C
 +
move disk from A to B
 +
move disk from C to B
 +
move disk from A to C
 +
move disk from B to A
 +
move disk from B to C
 +
move disk from A to C
 +
move disk from A to B
 +
move disk from C to B
 +
move disk from C to A
 +
move disk from B to A
 +
move disk from C to B
 +
move disk from A to C
 +
move disk from A to B
 +
move disk from C to B
 +
</pre></code>
 +
<br />
 +
 +
==Enhanced Version==
  
 +
The version below has been modified to illustrate the recursive nature of the calls.
 +
<br />
 +
<source lang="python">
 +
# hanoi.py  (Python V 2.7)
 +
# D. Thiebaut
 +
# implements the game of hanoi in python.
 +
# uses recursion.
 +
#
 +
# to run, type
 +
#        python hanoi.py
 +
# at the command line
 +
N = 0
  
−
=Top Down Approach: Version 1=
+
# indent( n ): returns an indentation that is a multiple of the string "|  "
 +
# which illustrates the nesting of the recursive calls.
 +
def indent( n ):
 +
    return (N+1-n)*'|    '
 +
 
 +
# the recursive moveDisk function. 
 +
# Stopping condition: n==1, in which case we just move the disk
 +
# Recursive step: move n-1 out of the way, move 1, move n-1 back
 +
def moveDisk( source, dest, extra, n ):
 +
    print "%smoveDisk( %s, %s, %s, %d)" % ( indent(n), source, dest, extra, n )
 +
    if n==1:
 +
        print  indent(n-1) + ( "%s --> %s" % ( source, dest ) )
 +
        return
 +
 +
    # more than 1 disk...
 +
    moveDisk( source, extra, dest, n-1)
 +
    print indent(n-1) + ( "%s --> %s" % ( source, dest ) )
 +
    moveDisk( extra, dest, source, n-1)
 +
 +
def main():
 +
    global N
 +
    while True:
 +
        N = input( "# of disks? " )
 +
        moveDisk( "A", "B", "C", N )
 +
 +
main()
 +
 
 +
</source>
 +
<br />
 +
The output of the program for ''N''=4 is shown below:
 +
<br />
 +
<code><pre>
 +
# of disks? 4
 +
|    moveDisk( A, B, C, 4)
 +
|    |    moveDisk( A, C, B, 3)
 +
|    |    |    moveDisk( A, B, C, 2)
 +
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( A, C, B, 1)
 +
|    |    |    |    |    A --> C
 +
|    |    |    |    A --> B
 +
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( C, B, A, 1)
 +
|    |    |    |    |    C --> B
 +
|    |    |    A --> C
 +
|    |    |    moveDisk( B, C, A, 2)
 +
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( B, A, C, 1)
 +
|    |    |    |    |    B --> A
 +
|    |    |    |    B --> C
 +
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( A, C, B, 1)
 +
|    |    |    |    |    A --> C
 +
|    |    A --> B
 +
|    |    moveDisk( C, B, A, 3)
 +
|    |    |    moveDisk( C, A, B, 2)
 +
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( C, B, A, 1)
 +
|    |    |    |    |    C --> B
 +
|    |    |    |    C --> A
 +
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( B, A, C, 1)
 +
|    |    |    |    |    B --> A
 +
|    |    |    C --> B
 +
|    |    |    moveDisk( A, B, C, 2)
 +
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( A, C, B, 1)
 +
|    |    |    |    |    A --> C
 +
|    |    |    |    A --> B
 +
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( C, B, A, 1)
 +
|    |    |    |    |    C --> B
 +
 
 +
</pre></code>
 +
<showafterdate after="20170530 00:00" before="20300101 00:00">
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=Assembly Top-Down Approach: Version 1=
  
 
==Source==
 
==Source==
 +
In this version all we do is simply set a main program that calls the function '''moveDisks''' and passes it
 +
* the number of disk to move (in al)
 +
* the source peg (in bl)
 +
* the destination peg (in cl)
 +
* and the extra or temporary peg (in dl)
 +
 +
The '''moveDisks''' function prints a single move, testing the printMove function that prints "X Y" on a line by itself, indicating that a disk must be move from X to Y.
 +
 
<br />
 
<br />
 +
<onlydft>
 
<source lang="asm">
 
<source lang="asm">
 
;;; hanoi1.asm
 
;;; hanoi1.asm
Line 52: Line 180:
  
 
section .data
 
section .data
−
moveStr db "X --> X", 10
+
moveStr db "X X", 10
 
moveStrLen equ $-moveStr
 
moveStrLen equ $-moveStr
 
source equ moveStr + 0
 
source equ moveStr + 0
−
dest equ moveStr + 6
+
dest equ moveStr + 2
  
 
section .text
 
section .text
Line 116: Line 244:
 
</source>
 
</source>
 
<br />
 
<br />
 +
</onlydft>
 
==Output==
 
==Output==
  
Line 123: Line 252:
 
=Top Down Version 2=
 
=Top Down Version 2=
  
 +
In this version we fully flesh out the recursive function.  It would be hard to go half way with the implementation of '''moveDisks'''.
 +
 +
==Source ==
 
<br />
 
<br />
 +
<onlydft>
 
<source lang="asm">
 
<source lang="asm">
−
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ cat hanoi2.asm
 
 
;;; hanoi2.asm
 
;;; hanoi2.asm
 
;;; D.T.
 
;;; D.T.
Line 137: Line 269:
 
;;; dl = Temp character identifying the extra peg
 
;;; dl = Temp character identifying the extra peg
  
−
;;; %define N 6 ; number of disks to move
+
%define N 6 ; number of disks to move
 
 
 
section .data
 
section .data
Line 229: Line 361:
 
</source>
 
</source>
 
<br />
 
<br />
 +
Note here that we are using a '''macro''', ''N'', defined by the '''%define''' statement.  This method of defining a constant is interesting as it allows us to modify the constant at assembly time.
 +
 +
Here's how.
 +
* comment out the '''%define''' statement in the program (this will result in an undefined variable if we assemble as usual)
 +
* when assembling the program, provide a value for the ''macro'' '''N''' as follows:
 +
 +
  nasm -f elf -F stabs '''-dN=4''' hanoi2.asm  ;  ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2
 +
 +
* The result will be that your program will be assembled just as if you had included the line
 +
 +
  %define N 4
 +
 +
:inside your program.
 +
 +
The section below shows how to make the program run for several values of ''N'':
 +
 +
==Output==
 +
 +
<br />
 +
<code><pre>
 +
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=2 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2
 +
A C
 +
A B
 +
C B
 +
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=3 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2
 +
A B
 +
A C
 +
B C
 +
A B
 +
C A
 +
C B
 +
A B
 +
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=4 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2
 +
A C
 +
A B
 +
C B
 +
A C
 +
B A
 +
B C
 +
A C
 +
A B
 +
C B
 +
C A
 +
B A
 +
C B
 +
A C
 +
A B
 +
C B
 +
 +
</pre></code>
 +
==Trick==
 +
If we want to count the number of moves for a given number of disk, we can ''pipe'' the output of the '''./hanoi2''' program in the command '''wc''', which stands for '''word-count'''.  '''wc''' outputs the number of lines, number of words, and number of characters in the text given to it.
 +
 +
Below are the same commands as above, but filtered by '''wc''':
 +
 +
<code><pre>
 +
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=2 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2 | wc
 +
      3      6      12
 +
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=3 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2 | wc
 +
      7      14      28
 +
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=4 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2 | wc
 +
    15      30      60
 +
 +
</pre></code>
 +
We see that the number of moves for 2 disks is 3, for 3 disks it's 7, for 4 disks it's 15, for ''n'' disks, it's 2<sup>n</sup>-1.
 +
<br />
 +
 +
=Estimating the Execution time=
 +
 +
==Call Tree of MoveDisks( 4, 'A', 'B', 'C' )==
 +
 +
<source lang="text">
 +
                                              N, Source, Dest, Extra
 +
 +
 +
                                                    4,A,B,C
 +
                                                        |
 +
                            +---------------------------+-------------------------------+
 +
                            |                          |                              |
 +
                        3,A,C,B                      1,A,B,C                        3,C,B,A
 +
                            |                                                          |
 +
              +-------------+------------+                                +------------+-------------+
 +
              |            |            |                                |            |            |
 +
          2,A,B,C      1,A,C,B      2,B,C,A                          2,C,A,B      1,C,B,A      2,A,B,C
 +
              |                          |                                |                          |
 +
    +--------+--------+        +--------+--------+              +--------+--------+        +--------+--------+
 +
    |        |        |        |        |        |              |        |        |        |        |        |
 +
  1,A,C,B  1,A,B,C  1,C,B,A  1,B,A,C  1,B,C,A  1,A,C,B        1,C,B,A  1,C,A,B  1,B,A,C  1,A,C,B  1,A,B,C  1,C,B,A
 +
    |                |        |                |              |                |        |                |
 +
  1,A,C,B          1,C,B,A  1,B,A,C          1,A,C,B        1,C,B,A          1,B,A,C  1,A,C,B          1,C,B,A
 +
 +
</source>
 +
<br />
 +
Let's look at the top two levels of the tree:
 +
<code><pre>
 +
                                                    4,A,B,C
 +
                                                        |
 +
                            +---------------------------+-------------------------------+
 +
                            |                          |                              |
 +
                        3,A,C,B                      1,A,B,C                        3,C,B,A
 +
                            |                                                          |
 +
 +
</pre></code>
 +
We read it as follows. 
 +
 +
::''MoveDisks is called to move 4 disks from A to B, using C as an extra peg.  To do so it calls itself once to move 3 disks from A to C, to put them "out of the way", and uses B as a temporary peg to do so.  Then it moves 1 disk from A to B.  Then it has to move the 3 disks that were on C back to B where the belong, and it uses A as an extra peg in the process.''
 +
 +
==Estimating the Number of Instructions Executed==
 +
 +
Let's figure out how many instructions are executed by the different parts:
 +
<br />
 +
<center>
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; color: green;"
 +
! Tree part
 +
! Number of instructions
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
4,A,B,C                                                   
 +
|
 +
Start function: 4 pushes + 1 cmp + 1 jump = 6
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
3,A,C,B
 +
|
 +
Start recursion: 1 dec, 2 xchng, 1 call = 4
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
1,A,B,C
 +
|
 +
Print 1 move: 6 instructions + printMove code = 6 + 7 + int 80
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
3,C,B,A
 +
|
 +
Start 2nd recursion: 1 xchang, 1 call, 4 pops, 1 ret = 7
 +
|}
 +
</center>
 +
We can see that we can figure out the number of instructions accurately except for the '''int 0x80''' instruction which is a total unknown.  We have ''no idea'' how many instructions Linux is executing to print the string on the screen.  So let's just comment out this instruction and see what we get.
 +
<br />
 +
<source lang="text">
 +
                                              N, Source, Dest, Extra
 +
 +
 +
                                                    4,A,B,C
 +
                                                        |6
 +
                            +---------------------------+-------------------------------+
 +
                            |4                          |13                            |7
 +
                        3,A,C,B                      1,A,B,C                        3,C,B,A
 +
                            |6                                                          |6
 +
              +-------------+------------+                                +------------+-------------+
 +
              |4            |13          |7                                |4          |13          |7
 +
          2,A,B,C      1,A,C,B      2,B,C,A                          2,C,A,B      1,C,B,A      2,A,B,C
 +
              |6                        |6                                |6                        |6
 +
    +--------+--------+        +--------+--------+              +--------+--------+        +--------+--------+
 +
    |4      |13      |7      |4      |13      |7              |4      |13      |7      |4      |13      |7
 +
  1,A,C,B  1,A,B,C  1,C,B,A  1,B,A,C  1,B,C,A  1,A,C,B        1,C,B,A  1,C,A,B  1,B,A,C  1,A,C,B  1,A,B,C  1,C,B,A
 +
    |6                |6      |6                |6              |6                |6      |6                |6
 +
  1,A,C,B          1,C,B,A  1,B,A,C          1,A,C,B        1,C,B,A          1,B,A,C  1,A,C,B          1,C,B,A
 +
    9+7           9+7      9+7          9+7        9+7          9+7     9+7             9+7
 +
 +
</source>
 +
Which simplifies to this:
 +
<source lang="text">
 +
 +
 +
            +--------------( )--------------+            (6+4+13+7)x1
 +
            |          |          |
 +
      +------( )------+          +------( )------+      (6+4+13+7)x2
 +
      |      |    |          |      |      |
 +
    +--( )--+     +--( )--+     +--( )--+     +--( )--+   (6+4+13+7)x4
 +
    | |  |     | |  |     |  |  |      |  |  |
 +
    ( )    ( )     ( )    ( )     ( )    ( )    ( )    ( )   (6+9+7)x8
 +
    |     |     |      |     |     |     |     |
 +
 +
</source>
 +
<br />
 +
The total number of instructions is approximately (6+4+13+7) x ( 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 ) = (6+4+13+7) x 15 = (30) x ( 2<sup>4</sup> - 1 )
 +
 +
The tree above is for ''N''=4 disks.  The expression above simplifies to 30 x ( 2<sup>N</sup> - 1 ) &asymp; 30 x 2<sup>N</sup>.
 +
 +
==Processor Approximation==
 +
 +
We are now going to make an approximation about the Pentium, that it executes '''1 instruction every cycle'''.  Another performance measured by computer architects is CPI, or ''cycle per instruction'', which in this case would also be equal to 1. 
 +
Such an assumption is pretty safe with the current modern Pentium processors.
 +
 +
==Speed of our Machine==
 +
 +
To find the speed at which the processor on our machine (beowulf) is operating, we ask Linux:
 +
 +
'''cat /proc/cpuinfo '''
 +
processor : 0
 +
vendor_id : AuthenticAMD
 +
cpu family : 15
 +
model : 65
 +
model name : Dual-Core AMD Opteron(tm) Processor 2222 SE
 +
stepping : 3
 +
microcode : 0x6d
 +
cpu MHz : '''2992.478'''
 +
cache size : 1024 KB
 +
physical id : 0
 +
...
 +
 +
Beowulf's processor operates at 2.99 GHz.  Its cycle time is thus 1/2.99E9 seconds.
 +
<br />
 +
 +
==Modeling with Excel==
 +
 +
We now have all the data to predict the approximate execution time of our program for different values of ''N''.  We have created an eXcel table with the equation for the number of instructions as a function of N and multiplied by the cycle time:
 +
 +
<center>[[Image:HanoiPredictingExecutionTime.png|500px]]</center>
 +
 +
<br />
 +
==Verification==
 +
 +
We notice in the table that the execution time passes the 1-second threshold around ''N''=26, ''N''=27.
 +
 +
Let's try these two values of ''N'' with our program:
 +
 +
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -d'''N=26''' -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; /usr/bin/time -p ./hanoi2
 +
real 1.01
 +
user 1.00
 +
sys 0.00
 +
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -d'''N=27''' -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; /usr/bin/time -p ./hanoi2
 +
real 2.11
 +
user 2.11
 +
sys 0.00
 +
 +
We see that the amount of user time, i.e. the amount of processor time given to the user's process (the hanoi2 program) is 1.00 second for ''N''=26 and 2.11 seconds for ''N''=27.  The spreadsheet predicted 0.67 sec and 1.3 sec.  We are undershooting the real execution times by less than a factor of 2.  If better accuracy is required, we can go back and refine our oversimplifying model to get a closer estimate.  But for today, less than a factor of 2 away from the real time is fine.
 +
 +
 +
 +
<br />
 +
=End of the World=
 +
The legend associated with the Towers of Hanoi is that when it was discovered, this game was being played by monks who were moving 64 disks from one peg to another.  The monks knew that by the time they had moved the last disk, the world would have ceased to exist.  The spreadsheet shows how long our model predict our pentium processor to take for computing the moves required by a tower of 64 disks:
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
<center>[[Image:TowersOfHanoiAndEndOfTheWorld.png]]</center>
 +
<br />
 +
<center>58 centuries of a 3GHz processor!</center>
 +
<br />
 +
</showafterdate>
 +
 +
 +
=Cutting the tail-end recursion=
 +
 +
One way to make recursive program faster is to somehow prune the recursion tree and remove either branches or levels.  With Hanoi we can easily remove the lower level of the tree by cutting the recursion when n==2, instead of n==1.  The python program below illustrates what this would look like.
 +
 +
<br />
 +
<source lang="python">
 +
# hanoi3.py  (Python V 2.7)
 +
# D. Thiebaut
 +
# implements the game of hanoi in python.
 +
# uses recursion and some of the tail recursion
 +
# trimmed at N==2
 +
#
 +
# to run, type
 +
#        python hanoi.py
 +
# at the command line
 +
 +
count = 0
 +
 +
def moveDisk( source, dest, extra, n ):
 +
    global count
 +
    if n>2:
 +
        # more than 2 disks...
 +
        moveDisk( source, extra, dest, n-1)
 +
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, dest )
 +
        count += 1
 +
        moveDisk( extra, dest, source, n-1)
 +
 +
    elif n==2:
 +
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, extra )
 +
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, dest )
 +
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( extra, dest )
 +
        count += 3
 +
 +
    else: # n == 1
 +
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, dest )
 +
        count += 1
 +
 +
def main():
 +
    global count
 +
    while True:
 +
        count = 0
 +
        n = input( "# of disks? " )
 +
        moveDisk( "A", "B", "C", n )
 +
        print count, "moves..."
 +
 +
main()
 +
 +
</source>
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
[[Category:CSC231]]

Latest revision as of 14:59, 19 April 2017

--D. Thiebaut 16:24, 25 November 2012 (EST)

A High-Level Version in Python

Bare Version

This version contains the bare minimum for the recursive solution to work. Try it out and play with it. 

# hanoi.py  (Python V 2.7)
# D. Thiebaut
# implements the game of hanoi in python.
# uses recursion.
#
# to run, type 
#        python hanoi.py 
# at the command line

def moveDisk( source, dest, extra, n ):
    if n==1:
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, dest )
        return
    
    # more than 1 disk...
    moveDisk( source, extra, dest, n-1)
    print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, dest )
    moveDisk( extra, dest, source, n-1)

def main():
    while True:
        n = input( "# of disks? " )
        moveDisk( "A", "B", "C", n )

main()


Here's the output of small values of N: 

# of disks? 1
move disk from A to B
# of disks? 2
move disk from A to C
move disk from A to B
move disk from C to B
# of disks? 3
move disk from A to B
move disk from A to C
move disk from B to C
move disk from A to B
move disk from C to A
move disk from C to B
move disk from A to B
# of disks? 4
move disk from A to C
move disk from A to B
move disk from C to B
move disk from A to C
move disk from B to A
move disk from B to C
move disk from A to C
move disk from A to B
move disk from C to B
move disk from C to A
move disk from B to A
move disk from C to B
move disk from A to C
move disk from A to B
move disk from C to B


Enhanced Version

The version below has been modified to illustrate the recursive nature of the calls. 

# hanoi.py  (Python V 2.7)
# D. Thiebaut
# implements the game of hanoi in python.
# uses recursion.
#
# to run, type 
#        python hanoi.py 
# at the command line
N = 0

# indent( n ): returns an indentation that is a multiple of the string "|   " 
# which illustrates the nesting of the recursive calls.
def indent( n ):
    return (N+1-n)*'|    '

# the recursive moveDisk function.  
# Stopping condition: n==1, in which case we just move the disk
# Recursive step: move n-1 out of the way, move 1, move n-1 back
def moveDisk( source, dest, extra, n ):
    print "%smoveDisk( %s, %s, %s, %d)" % ( indent(n), source, dest, extra, n )
    if n==1:
        print  indent(n-1) + ( "%s --> %s" % ( source, dest ) )
        return
 
    # more than 1 disk...
    moveDisk( source, extra, dest, n-1)
    print indent(n-1) + ( "%s --> %s" % ( source, dest ) )
    moveDisk( extra, dest, source, n-1)
 
def main():
    global N
    while True:
        N = input( "# of disks? " )
        moveDisk( "A", "B", "C", N )
 
main()


The output of the program for N=4 is shown below: 

# of disks? 4
|    moveDisk( A, B, C, 4)
|    |    moveDisk( A, C, B, 3)
|    |    |    moveDisk( A, B, C, 2)
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( A, C, B, 1)
|    |    |    |    |    A --> C
|    |    |    |    A --> B
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( C, B, A, 1)
|    |    |    |    |    C --> B
|    |    |    A --> C
|    |    |    moveDisk( B, C, A, 2)
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( B, A, C, 1)
|    |    |    |    |    B --> A
|    |    |    |    B --> C
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( A, C, B, 1)
|    |    |    |    |    A --> C
|    |    A --> B
|    |    moveDisk( C, B, A, 3)
|    |    |    moveDisk( C, A, B, 2)
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( C, B, A, 1)
|    |    |    |    |    C --> B
|    |    |    |    C --> A
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( B, A, C, 1)
|    |    |    |    |    B --> A
|    |    |    C --> B
|    |    |    moveDisk( A, B, C, 2)
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( A, C, B, 1)
|    |    |    |    |    A --> C
|    |    |    |    A --> B
|    |    |    |    moveDisk( C, B, A, 1)
|    |    |    |    |    C --> B

<showafterdate after="20170530 00:00" before="20300101 00:00">


Assembly Top-Down Approach: Version 1

Source

In this version all we do is simply set a main program that calls the function moveDisks and passes it

  • the number of disk to move (in al)
  • the source peg (in bl)
  • the destination peg (in cl)
  • and the extra or temporary peg (in dl)

The moveDisks function prints a single move, testing the printMove function that prints "X Y" on a line by itself, indicating that a disk must be move from X to Y.



...

Output

[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasmld hanoi1
A --> B

Top Down Version 2

In this version we fully flesh out the recursive function. It would be hard to go half way with the implementation of moveDisks.

Source


<onlydft> 

;;; hanoi2.asm
;;; D.T.
;;; Towers of Hanoi, top down...


;;; assumptions:
;;; al = n   		Number of disk
;;; bl = Source 	character identifying the source
;;; cl = Dest		character identifying the destination
;;; dl = Temp		character identifying the extra peg

%define		N	6	; number of disks to move
	
		section	.data
moveStr		db	"X X", 10
moveStrLen	equ	$-moveStr
source		equ	moveStr + 0
dest		equ	moveStr	+ 2	

	section	.text
	global	_start
;;; ------------------------------------------------------------
;;; M A I N
;;; ------------------------------------------------------------

_start: 	mov	al,  N	; move 4 disks
		mov	bl, 'A'	; from A
		mov	cl, 'B'	; to B
		mov	dl, 'C'	; using C as extra
	
		call	moveDisks

;;; return to OS
		mov	eax, 1
		mov	ebx, 0
		int	0x80

;;; ------------------------------------------------------------
;;; moveDisks:
;;; assumptions:
;;; al = n   		Number of disk
;;; bl = Source 	character identifying the source
;;; cl = Dest		character identifying the destination
;;; dl = Temp		character identifying the extra peg
;;; Does not return anything
;;; does not modify registers
;;; ------------------------------------------------------------
moveDisks:	push	ax
		push	bx
		push	cx
		push	dx

		cmp	al, 1
		ja	.recurse
	
;;; only 1 to move: move from source to dest!
		mov	byte[source], bl
		mov	byte[dest], cl
		call	printMove
		jmp	.return

.recurse:
;;; move n-1 disk from source to temp
		dec	al	; al <-- n-1
		xchg	cl, dl	; swap dest and temp
		call	moveDisks
		xchg	cl, dl	; swap back dest and temp
	
;;; move 1 from source to dest
		push	ax
		mov	al, 1
		mov	byte[source], bl
		mov	byte[dest], cl
		call	printMove
		pop	ax
	
;;; move n-1 disk from temp to dest
		xchg	bl, dl	; make temp the source
		call	moveDisks
	
.return:	pop	dx
		pop	cx
		pop	bx
		pop	ax
		ret

;;; ------------------------------------------------------------
;;; printMove
;;; Prints the string moveStr on the screen
;;; Does not alter any of the registers
;;; ------------------------------------------------------------
printMove:	pushad
		mov	eax, 4
		mov	ebx, 1
		mov	ecx, moveStr
		mov	edx, moveStrLen
;;; 		int	0x80
		popad
		ret


Note here that we are using a macro, N, defined by the %define statement. This method of defining a constant is interesting as it allows us to modify the constant at assembly time.

Here's how.

  • comment out the %define statement in the program (this will result in an undefined variable if we assemble as usual)
  • when assembling the program, provide a value for the macro N as follows:
  nasm -f elf -F stabs -dN=4 hanoi2.asm  ;  ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2
  • The result will be that your program will be assembled just as if you had included the line 
  %define N 4
inside your program.

The section below shows how to make the program run for several values of N:

Output


[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=2 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2
A C
A B
C B
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=3 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2
A B
A C
B C
A B
C A
C B
A B
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=4 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2
A C
A B
C B
A C
B A
B C
A C
A B
C B
C A
B A
C B
A C
A B
C B

Trick

If we want to count the number of moves for a given number of disk, we can pipe the output of the ./hanoi2 program in the command wc, which stands for word-count. wc outputs the number of lines, number of words, and number of characters in the text given to it.

Below are the same commands as above, but filtered by wc: 

[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=2 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2 | wc
      3       6      12
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=3 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2 | wc
      7      14      28
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=4 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; ./hanoi2 | wc
     15      30      60

We see that the number of moves for 2 disks is 3, for 3 disks it's 7, for 4 disks it's 15, for n disks, it's 2n-1.

Estimating the Execution time

Call Tree of MoveDisks( 4, 'A', 'B', 'C' )

                                               N, Source, Dest, Extra


                                                     4,A,B,C
                                                        |
                            +---------------------------+-------------------------------+
                            |                           |                               |
                         3,A,C,B                      1,A,B,C                        3,C,B,A
                            |                                                           |
              +-------------+------------+                                 +------------+-------------+
              |             |            |                                 |            |             |
           2,A,B,C       1,A,C,B      2,B,C,A                           2,C,A,B      1,C,B,A       2,A,B,C
              |                          |                                 |                          |
     +--------+--------+        +--------+--------+               +--------+--------+        +--------+--------+
     |        |        |        |        |        |               |        |        |        |        |        |
  1,A,C,B  1,A,B,C  1,C,B,A  1,B,A,C  1,B,C,A  1,A,C,B         1,C,B,A  1,C,A,B  1,B,A,C  1,A,C,B  1,A,B,C  1,C,B,A
     |                 |        |                 |               |                 |        |                 |
  1,A,C,B           1,C,B,A  1,B,A,C           1,A,C,B         1,C,B,A           1,B,A,C  1,A,C,B           1,C,B,A


Let's look at the top two levels of the tree: 

                                                     4,A,B,C
                                                        |
                            +---------------------------+-------------------------------+
                            |                           |                               |
                         3,A,C,B                      1,A,B,C                        3,C,B,A
                            |                                                           |

We read it as follows.

MoveDisks is called to move 4 disks from A to B, using C as an extra peg. To do so it calls itself once to move 3 disks from A to C, to put them "out of the way", and uses B as a temporary peg to do so. Then it moves 1 disk from A to B. Then it has to move the 3 disks that were on C back to B where the belong, and it uses A as an extra peg in the process.

Estimating the Number of Instructions Executed

Let's figure out how many instructions are executed by the different parts:

Tree part Number of instructions

4,A,B,C

Start function: 4 pushes + 1 cmp + 1 jump = 6

3,A,C,B

Start recursion: 1 dec, 2 xchng, 1 call = 4

1,A,B,C

Print 1 move: 6 instructions + printMove code = 6 + 7 + int 80

3,C,B,A

Start 2nd recursion: 1 xchang, 1 call, 4 pops, 1 ret = 7

We can see that we can figure out the number of instructions accurately except for the int 0x80 instruction which is a total unknown. We have no idea how many instructions Linux is executing to print the string on the screen. So let's just comment out this instruction and see what we get. 

                                               N, Source, Dest, Extra
 
 
                                                     4,A,B,C
                                                        |6
                            +---------------------------+-------------------------------+
                            |4                          |13                             |7
                         3,A,C,B                      1,A,B,C                        3,C,B,A
                            |6                                                          |6
              +-------------+------------+                                 +------------+-------------+
              |4            |13          |7                                |4           |13           |7
           2,A,B,C       1,A,C,B      2,B,C,A                           2,C,A,B      1,C,B,A       2,A,B,C
              |6                         |6                                |6                         |6
     +--------+--------+        +--------+--------+               +--------+--------+        +--------+--------+
     |4       |13      |7       |4       |13      |7              |4       |13      |7       |4       |13      |7
  1,A,C,B  1,A,B,C  1,C,B,A  1,B,A,C  1,B,C,A  1,A,C,B         1,C,B,A  1,C,A,B  1,B,A,C  1,A,C,B  1,A,B,C  1,C,B,A
     |6                |6       |6                |6              |6                |6       |6                |6
  1,A,C,B           1,C,B,A  1,B,A,C           1,A,C,B         1,C,B,A           1,B,A,C  1,A,C,B           1,C,B,A
    9+7	      	     9+7      9+7    	      	 9+7  	      	 9+7  	      	   9+7	    9+7	      	      9+7

Which simplifies to this: 

 
      	      	 +--------------( )--------------+    	      	   (6+4+13+7)x1
      	      	 |    	      	 |    	      	 |
      	 +------( )------+    	      	 +------( )------+    	   (6+4+13+7)x2 
      	 |       |     	|    	      	 |       |       |
     +--( )--+ 	     +--( )--+	     +--( )--+	     +--( )--+	   (6+4+13+7)x4 
     |	 |   |	     |	 |   |	     |   |   |       |   |   |
    ( )     ( )	    ( )     ( )	    ( )     ( )     ( )     ( )	   (6+9+7)x8
     |	     |	     |       |	     |	     |	     |	     |


The total number of instructions is approximately (6+4+13+7) x ( 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 ) = (6+4+13+7) x 15 = (30) x ( 24 - 1 )

The tree above is for N=4 disks. The expression above simplifies to 30 x ( 2N - 1 ) ≈ 30 x 2N.

Processor Approximation

We are now going to make an approximation about the Pentium, that it executes 1 instruction every cycle. Another performance measured by computer architects is CPI, or cycle per instruction, which in this case would also be equal to 1. Such an assumption is pretty safe with the current modern Pentium processors.

Speed of our Machine

To find the speed at which the processor on our machine (beowulf) is operating, we ask Linux: 

cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor	: 0
vendor_id	: AuthenticAMD
cpu family	: 15
model		: 65
model name	: Dual-Core AMD Opteron(tm) Processor 2222 SE
stepping	: 3
microcode	: 0x6d
cpu MHz		: 2992.478
cache size	: 1024 KB
physical id	: 0
...

Beowulf's processor operates at 2.99 GHz. Its cycle time is thus 1/2.99E9 seconds.

Modeling with Excel

We now have all the data to predict the approximate execution time of our program for different values of N. We have created an eXcel table with the equation for the number of instructions as a function of N and multiplied by the cycle time:

HanoiPredictingExecutionTime.png


Verification

We notice in the table that the execution time passes the 1-second threshold around N=26, N=27.

Let's try these two values of N with our program: 

[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=26 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; /usr/bin/time -p ./hanoi2
real 1.01 
user 1.00
sys 0.00
[231a@beowulf ~/handout]$ nasm -f elf -dN=27 -F stabs hanoi2.asm ; ld -melf_i386 -o hanoi2 hanoi2.o ; /usr/bin/time -p ./hanoi2
real 2.11
user 2.11
sys 0.00

We see that the amount of user time, i.e. the amount of processor time given to the user's process (the hanoi2 program) is 1.00 second for N=26 and 2.11 seconds for N=27. The spreadsheet predicted 0.67 sec and 1.3 sec. We are undershooting the real execution times by less than a factor of 2. If better accuracy is required, we can go back and refine our oversimplifying model to get a closer estimate. But for today, less than a factor of 2 away from the real time is fine.



End of the World

The legend associated with the Towers of Hanoi is that when it was discovered, this game was being played by monks who were moving 64 disks from one peg to another. The monks knew that by the time they had moved the last disk, the world would have ceased to exist. The spreadsheet shows how long our model predict our pentium processor to take for computing the moves required by a tower of 64 disks:

TowersOfHanoiAndEndOfTheWorld.png


58 centuries of a 3GHz processor!


</showafterdate>


Cutting the tail-end recursion

One way to make recursive program faster is to somehow prune the recursion tree and remove either branches or levels. With Hanoi we can easily remove the lower level of the tree by cutting the recursion when n==2, instead of n==1. The python program below illustrates what this would look like. 


# hanoi3.py  (Python V 2.7)
# D. Thiebaut
# implements the game of hanoi in python.
# uses recursion and some of the tail recursion
# trimmed at N==2
#
# to run, type 
#        python hanoi.py 
# at the command line

count = 0

def moveDisk( source, dest, extra, n ):
    global count
    if n>2:
        # more than 2 disks...
        moveDisk( source, extra, dest, n-1)
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, dest )
        count += 1
        moveDisk( extra, dest, source, n-1)

    elif n==2:
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, extra )
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, dest )
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( extra, dest )
        count += 3

    else: # n == 1
        print "move disk from %s to %s" % ( source, dest )
        count += 1

def main():
    global count
    while True:
        count = 0
        n = input( "# of disks? " )
        moveDisk( "A", "B", "C", n )
        print count, "moves..."

main()




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