--D. Thiebaut (talk) 22:18, 21 March 2017 (EDT)

This lab deals with bash script files. Script files are program files that contain bash commands, and these commands can be interpreted by bash, one after the other, as if the user had typed them at the keyboard. Scripts can be quite complex, and contain functions, if-statements, loops, variables and other programming concepts found in programming languages.

Reference

This Bash tutorial heavily uses material presented in the excellent set of pages "Ryan's Tutorials" at http://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/. Do not hesitate to study these tutorials if you need additional information.

Backing up your files

Just in case you mess up and erase files in your account by mistake, you will make an archive of all your files and save it in your instructor's account:

cd
tar -czvf backup2.tgz *
rsubmit backup backup2.tgz

That's it! An archive of all your file should now be saved and available in case of accident!

Script Files

Let's create a simple batch file that will allow you to automatically assemble, link, and run an assembly program. Furthermore, we'll link it with the 231Lib library, just to be safe. If it doesn't use it, it should be fine.

The commands you normally use to go through this process are the following:

nasm -f elf progName.asm
ld -melf_i386 progName.o 231Lib.o -o progName
./progName

Let's create a script file called nald (for nasm ld) that will run these 3 commands automatically. For now, just copy the code without worrying too much about what happens. We'll explain what's going on later.

emacs a new file called nald
Store the following lines in it:

 
#! /bin/bash
 
nasm -f elf $1.asm
nasm -f elf 231Lib.asm
ld -melf_i386 $1.o 231Lib.o -o $1
./$1

Make sure that the #-sign is the first character on the first line of the script.
Make the script executable:

chmod +x nald

chmod is a command that changes the permissions of a file. "+x" means that everybody including you, everybody in the 231 class, and everybody who has an account on Aurora can execute your script.

now run the script and pass it the name of one of your assembly files. Let's assume that you have a file called helloWorld.asm in your directory:

./nald  helloWorld

You should see the output of your program printed on the screen.

Using emacs, make a slight modification to your helloWorld.asm program. Maybe, make it print something different.
reassemble and run it in one command:

./nald  helloWorld

You now have a nice script that will save you several keystrokes when you create your next assembly programs!

Explanations

Shebang

#! /bin/bash: the first line of the script starts with the pair "#!" which is referred to as "shebang" in the Linux world. It indicates that the commands in the script should be executed by the bash shell, which is located in the /bin directory of Aurora. If we had Python program that we would want to run automatically, we would use a shebang with Python's path. Let's try that for fun:

Create a new file with emacs called hello.py

 #! /usr/bin/python
 
 from  __future__  import print_function
 
 def main():
      print( "Hello world of Python!" )
 
 main()

Save the file, and make it executable

chmod +x hello.py

run the program from the command line:

./hello.py
Hello world of Python!

Notice that you didn't write "python hello.py" to run your program. Just "./hello.py." That's a nice trick.
In summary, the shebang defines the interpreter to use to read the file and execute the lines.

$1

Command line parameters: inside the script, we can access the parameters that were typed on the command line using $1, $2, $3, and some others. To best understand how this works, create the following simple shell script with emacs called script1.sh:

#! /bin/bash

echo "You typed $# words on the command line"
echo "The whole collection of words is $@"
echo "Word 0 is $0"
echo "Word 1 is $1"
echo "Word 2 is $2"
echo "Word 3 is $3"
echo "Word 4 is $4"

Make the script executable:

 chmod +x  script1.sh

And try it with several command line parameters:

 ./script1.sh  hello world 3 20 2017

 ./script1.sh  CSC231

so this is how the script can access the parameters passed on the command line. When you typed nald fileName on the command line earlier, the name of your file becomes $1 inside the script.

Challenge #1:

In a recent lab you created a command with a for loop that would run the N-Queens program for several chessboard sizes. A typical command to run the program for several board sizes would be:

 
 for i in `seq 8 14` ; do  
     echo -n "$i " 
     java NQueens $i -q 
 done

(if you have lost your NQueens program, you can get another copy with getcopy NQueens.java, and compile it with javac NQueens.java.)

Create a bash script calls runNQueens.sh with the loop above in it. It will run all 7 cases automatically when called:

./runNQueens.sh 
8 0.158674 ms
9 0.093859 ms
10 0.160577 ms
11 0.113491 ms
12 0.355657 ms
13 0.185683 ms
14 12.889715 ms

Challenge #2:

Modify your script so that you can pass the boundaries of the board sizes you want to check, on the command line. For example, if you wanted to run the NQueens for board sizes ranging from 8 to 20, you'd run your script as follows:

./runNQueens.sh 8 20

Comments

The #-sign is used as a comment. Bash scripts should be documented the same way regular programs are.
Here's a documented version of the nald script. Please emulate this example when you write your bash scripts.

#! /bin/bash
# nald
# D. Thiebaut
# General script to assemble, link, and run assembly
# language programs.  Note that the 231Lib library will
# be linked automatically to the program, whether it needs
# it or not.
#
# Syntax:  nald  programName (without the .asm extension)
# --------

# assemble
nasm -f elf $1.asm
nasm -f elf 231Lib.asm

# link
ld -melf_i386 $1.o 231Lib.o -o $1

# execute
./$1

Scripts Behave as Bash Commands

One nice feature of a bash script is that you can use it the same way you would a bash command. For example, if you wanted to capture the output of script1.sh in a file, you could simply type:

./script1.sh  hello world 3 20 2017  > dummy.txt

Check the contents of the file dummy.txt and verify that the output of the script was captured correctly.

Bash Variables

You have already used a bash variable when you wrote your first bash loop:

for i in `seq 1 10` ; do
     echo $i
done

Rule for bash variables:

When you create the variable, you do not use a $-sign.
When you use the variable in an expression, you use the $-sign.

Setting Variables

The syntax for setting a variable is simple:

variable=value

Note that there are no spaces around the equal sign.
Variables do not necessarily have to be used in scripts, you can also use them on the command line. Try these different commands on the Linux command line:

231b@aurora ~ $ semester=spring
231b@aurora ~ $ course=CSC231
231b@aurora ~ $ year=2017
231b@aurora ~ $ echo "$course, $semester $year"

If you want to set variables to string that contain several words, then enclose the string in double quotes:

231b@aurora ~ $ name="Smith College"
231b@aurora ~ $ echo $name

You can also set a variable to be the output of a command.

231b@aurora ~ $ asmFiles=`ls *.asm`
231b@aurora ~ $ objectFiles=`ls *.o`
231b@aurora ~ $ echo $asmFiles
231b@aurora ~ $ echo $objectFiles

or the output of a pipe:

231b@aurora ~ $ noFiles=`ls /etc | wc -l`
231b@aurora ~ $ echo "There are $noFiles files in the /etc directory"

Concatenating Variable Names to Strings

Sometimes it is useful to create several files that have the same name, except for a number that identifies them. For example data_1March.txt, data_2March.txt, data_3March.txt, data_4March.txt, etc.

 for i in `seq 1 4`; do 
     fileName=data_$iMarch.txt
     touch $fileName
     echo "Created file $fileName"
 done

I you run this loop, you will discover that instead of creating 4 files, it only create one. This is because Bash does not figure out that $iMarch.txt is $i concatenated to March.txt. In order to help Bash figure out what is what, we can write the variable as ${i}, as illustrated in the new bash loop below:

 for i in `seq 1 4`; do 
     fileName=data_${i}March.txt
     touch $fileName
     echo "Created file $fileName"
 done

List the files in your directory by oldest to newest and verify that you now have the 4 new wanted files: ls -ltr

Challenge #3:

Most Linux systems maintain a list of words in the file /usr/share/dict/words. Check this file out, and verify that it indeed contains a list of words.
How many words are in the file?
Bash also has a system variable called $RANDOM, which contains a different random number every time you use it. Verify that this is indeed the case on Aurora:

231b@aurora  $ echo $RANDOM
231b@aurora  $ echo $RANDOM
231b@aurora  $ echo $RANDOM

Your challenge: write a script called randomWord.sh that outputs a random word from the '/usr/share/dict/words file every time it is executed, as illustrated below.

231b@aurora  $ ./randomWord.sh 
Iowans
231b@aurora  $ ./randomWord.sh 
angora
231b@aurora  $ ./randomWord.sh 
contractor
231b@aurora  $ ./randomWord.sh 
Ford's

Challenge #4:

Modify the script you created for Challenge #3, and create a new one, called randomWord2.sh that accepts a string on the command line, and outputs a random word that contains that string.
Here are examples of how it should work:

231b@aurora ~/handout $ ./randomWord2.sh A
flack
231b@aurora ~/handout $ ./randomWord2.sh A 
Oregonian's
231b@aurora ~/handout $ ./randomWord2.sh A
enumerated
231b@aurora ~/handout $ ./randomWord2.sh aba
unabated
231b@aurora ~/handout $ ./randomWord2.sh aba
unabated
231b@aurora ~/handout $ ./randomWord2.sh aba
unabated
231b@aurora ~/handout $ ./randomWord2.sh al
zoological
231b@aurora ~/handout $ ./randomWord2.sh al
fallen
231b@aurora ~/handout $ ./randomWord2.sh al
heterosexuals

note that sometimes the word won't really be random, but we don't care for this challenge.

Challenge #5:

Linux always knows the current time and date. The command that returns it is date. Try this command.
You can force date to output the information in a different format by providing a special string indicating what you want to see. For example:

231b@aurora $  date +%Y-%m-%d

Create a new bash script called dateTag.sh to which you pass the name of a file on the command line, and that will make a copy of this file and prefix the name of the file with the current date. For example, if today's date is 2017-03-24, and you have a file in your directory called log.txt, then

231b@aurora $  dateTag.sh log.txt

will create a copy of log.txt with the name 2017-03-24_log.txt in your directory.

Here is an example.

231b@aurora $ touch dummy.txt
231b@aurora $ dateTag.sh dummy.txt 
231b@aurora $ ls -ltr | tail -2
-rw------- 1 231b 231b      166 Mar 24 11:24 dummy.txt
-rw------- 1 231b 231b      166 Mar 24 11:25 2017-03-24_dummy.txt

Arithmetic With Bash Variables

The Linux expr command can be used to do simple arithmetic. Try these commands at the prompt:

231b@aurora $ expr 3 + 4

231b@aurora  $ count=10
231b@aurora  $ echo $count
231b@aurora  $ expr $count + 2

231b@aurora  $ expr $count - 7

231b@aurora  $ expr $count \* 2

231b@aurora  $ expr $count / 3

231b@aurora  $ expr $count % 4

Note: the reason we use "\*" when we want to multiply is because otherwise Bash would see a '*' character on the command line, which it automatically assumes to mean "All files in the current directory."

We can do arithmetic in a bash script using the expr command, and a bit of additional syntax.
Create a new script file called script3.sh:

#! /bin/bash
# script3.sh
# D. Thiebaut
# Computes and displays 10 powers of 2

count=1

for i in `seq 1 10` ; do
    echo "i = $i   count = $count"
    count=$( expr $count  \* 2 )
done

Solution to Challenges

Challenge 1

#! /bin/bash
# runNQueens.sh
# D. Thiebaut
# runs and times the execution of the NQueens
# program for board sizes ranging from 8 to 14.

for i in `seq 8 14` ; do  
     echo -n "$i " 
     java NQueens $i -q 
done

Challenge 2

#! /bin/bash
# runNQueens.sh
# D. Thiebaut
# runs and times the execution of the NQueens
# program for board sizes ranging from the first to second
# parameters passed on the command line.
# Example:
#     ./runNQueens.sh 10 21
#

for i in `seq $1 $2` ; do  
     echo -n "$i " 
     java NQueens $i -q 
done

Challenge 3

#! /bin/bash
# randomWord.sh
# D. Thiebaut
# Outputs a random word every time it is executed.

head -n $RANDOM /usr/share/dict/words | tail -n 1

Challenge 4

#! /bin/bash
# randomWord2.sh
# D. Thiebaut
#
# outputs a random word containing the string passed on the command line.

key=$1
words=/usr/share/dict/words

grep -i $key $words | head -n $RANDOM | tail -n 1

Challege 5

#! /bin/bash
# dateTag.sh
# D. Thiebaut
 
tag=`date +%Y-%m-%d`

fileName=$1

cp $fileName ${tag}_$fileName

</showafterdate>

CSC231 Bash Tutorial 6

Contents

Reference

Backing up your files

Script Files

Explanations

Shebang

$1

Challenge #1:

Challenge #2:

Comments

Scripts Behave as Bash Commands

Bash Variables

Setting Variables

Concatenating Variable Names to Strings

Challenge #3:

Challenge #4:

Challenge #5:

Arithmetic With Bash Variables

Solution to Challenges

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