--D. Thiebaut (talk) 07:14, 29 March 2015 (EDT)

Exceptions

Part 1: Preparation

Create a new program called lab9_1.py, and copy this code to the new Idle window.

# lab9_1.py
# Your name here

# getInput: returns an integer larger
# than 0.  Expected to be robust
def getInput():
   
   while  True:
      x = int( input( "Enter an integer greater than 0: " ) )
      if x <= 0:
         print( "Invalid entry.  Try again!" )
      else:   
         return x

def main():
   num = getInput()
   print( "You have entered", num )

main()

Test it with numbers such as -3, -10, 0, 5. Verify that the input function works well when you enter numbers.
Test your program again, and this time enter expressions such as "6.3", or "hello" (without the quotes).
Make a note of the Error reported by Python:

Modify your function and add the highlighted code below by hand. This code will catch the ValueError exception.

# getInput: returns an integer larger
# than 0.  Catches Value errors
def getInput():
    
   # repeat forever...
   while  True:

      # try to get an int
      try:
          x = int( input( "Enter an integer greater than 0: " ) )
      except ValueError:
          # the user must have entered something other than an int
          print( "Invalid entry.  Not an integer.  Try again!" )
          continue

      # No errors caught.  See if the number is negative
      if x <= 0:
         print( "You entered a negative number.  Try again!" )
      else:   
         # finally, we can return x as it is an int that is >0
         return x

Run your program and try different invalid inputs, such as strings or floats. You can also try just pressing the Return key, indicating that you are not providing anything to the input function. Verify that your program catches all these invalid entries and does not crash.

Review Class Example

Below is an example we saw in class, and that is taken from Zelle. It illustrates how we can guard some code against several types of errors. Review it. You will need to follow this example for the next set of exercises.

def ZelleExample():
    import math
    print( "solution to quadratic equation" )
    try:
        a, b, c = eval( input( "enter 3 coefficients (a,b,c) " ) )
        disc = math.sqrt( b*b - 4*a*c )
        root1 = (-b + disc )/ (2*a)
        root2 = (+b + disc )/ (2*a)
        print( "solutions: ", root1, root2 )
    except NameError:
        print( "You didn't enter 3 numbers" )
    except TypeError:
        print( "Your inputs were not all numbers" )
    except SyntaxError:
        print( "Forgot commas between the numbers?" )
    except ValueError:
        print( "No real roots, negative discriminant" )
    except:
        print( "Something went wrong..." )

Part 2: Exercise

Create a new program called lab9_2.py with the code below:

def example1():
    for i in range( 3 ):
        x = int( input( "enter an integer: " ) )
        y = int( input( "enter another integer: " ) )
        print( x, '/', y, '=', x/y )

def example2( L ):
    print( "\n\nExample 2" )
    sum = 0
    for i in range( len( L ) ):
        sum +=  L[i]

    print( "sum of items in ", L, "=", sum )


def printUpperFile( fileName ):
   file = open( fileName, "r" )
   for line in file:
       print( line.upper() )
   file.close()

def createTextFile( fileName ):
   file = open( fileName, "w" )
   file.write( "Welcome\nto\nCSC111\nIntroduction\nto\nComp.\nSci.\n" )
   file.close()

def main():
    # create a text file for use later...
    createTextFile( "csc111.txt" )

    # test first function
    example1()

    # test second function
    L = [ 10, 3, 5, 6, 9, 3 ]
    example2( L )
    #example2( [ 10, 3, 5, 6, "NA", 3 ] )

    # test third function 
    fileName = input( "Enter name of file to display (type csc111.txt): " )
    printUpperFile( fileName )

main()

The program above has many flaws; it is not very robust. We can easily make it crash.
Observe each function. Run your program a few times.
Figure out how to make each function crash
Go ahead and start forcing the first function to crash. Register the XXXXError that is generated. For example, if the output of the crash looks like this:

Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/thiebaut/Desktop/except0.py", line 29, in <module> main() File "/Users/thiebaut/Desktop/except0.py", line 27, in main example3( [ 10, 3, 5, 6 ] ) File "/Users/thiebaut/Desktop/except0.py", line 18, in example3 sum = sum + L[i] IndexError: list index out of range

what you are interested in is IndexError. This is the exception you want to guard your code against.

  try:
      ........
      ........
  except IndexError:
      .........

Add the try/except statement inside the function, and verify that your function is now more robust and does not crash on the same input that made it crash before.

Repeat the same process for the other functions.

Classes and Objects

Cats

Below is the program we saw in class, where we create a Cat class, where each cat is defined by a name, a breed, whether it is vaccinated or not, and and age.

# cats1.py
# D. Thiebaut
# Program for Week #9
# Define a Cat class, and
# use it to create a collection of
# cats.


class Cat:
    """a class that implements a cat and its
    information.  Name, breed, vaccinated,
    tattooed, and age."""

    def __init__( self, na, brd, vacc, ag ):
        """constructor.  Builds a cat with all its information"""
        self.name       = na
        self.breed      = brd
        self.vaccinated = vacc
        self.age        = ag

    def isVaccinated( self ):
        """returns True if cat is vaccinated, False otherwise"""
        return self.vaccinated

    def getAge( self ):
        """returns cat's age"""
        return self.age

    def getName( self ):
        """return name of cat"""
        return self.name

    def __str__( self ):
        """default string representation of cat"""
        vacc = "vaccinated"
        if not self.vaccinated:
            vacc = "not vaccinated"
        
        return "{0:20}:==> {1:1}, {2:1}, {3:1} yrs old".format(
            self.name, self.breed, vacc, self.age )
    
def main():
    """ main program.  Creates a list of cats and displays
    groups sharing the same property.
        Minou, 3, vac, stray
        Max, 1, not-vac, Burmese
        Gizmo, 2, vac, Bengal
        Garfield, 4, not-vac, Orange Tabby
    """
    cats = []
    cat = Cat( "Minou", "stray", True, 3 )
    cats.append( cat )
    
    cats.append( Cat( "Max", "Burmese", False, 1 ) )
    cats.append( Cat( "Gizmo", "Bengal", True, 2 ) )
    cats.append( Cat( "Garfield", "Orange Tabby", False, 4 ) )

    # print the list of all the cats
    print( "\nComplete List:" )
    for cat in cats:
        print( cat )

    # print only the vaccinated cats
    print( "\nVaccinated cats:" )
    for cat in cats:
        if cat.isVaccinated()==True:
            print( cat )

    # print cats older than 2
    print( "\nCats 2 or older:" )
    for cat in cats:
        if cat.getAge()>=2:
            print( cat )


if __name__=="__main__":
    main()

Recreate this code in a program called Lab9_2.py
Run it.
Modify it by adding a new method to your Cat class, so that the main program outputs all the stray cats.
Modify it again, and make the main program output the non-vaccinated cats 2 or older.

Challenge #1: Tattooed Cats

Assume that we now want to keep track of whether cats are tattooed or not. A tattoo is a good way to mark cats so that they can be easily identified if lost.

Add a new boolean field to the class for the tattooed status. True will mean tattooed, False, not tattooed.
Modify the constructor so that we can pass the tattooed status along with all the other information
Add a method to Cat, called isTattooed(), that will allow one to test if a cat is tattooed or not.
Modify your main program so that the tattoo status is included when each cat object is created. You may want to use this new list of cats:

Minou, 3, vaccinated, tattooed, stray
Max, 1, not vaccinated, tattooed, Burmese
Gizmo, 2, vaccinated, tattooed, Bengal
Garfield, 4, not vaccinated, not tattooed, Orange Tabby

Modify the __str__() method so that it includes the tattoo information in the returned string.
Run your main program again. It should output the same information as before, but this time the tattoo information will also appear when a cat is listed.
Add a new section to your main program that will output all the cats that are not tattooed.

Challenge #2: Vaccinated and Tattooed Cats

Make the main program display all the cats that are vaccinated and tattooed.

Challenge #3: Reading the Cat information from a CSV file

Play with the program below:

# Lab9CatsCSV.py
# D. Thiebaut
# Seed for a program that reads cat data from
# a CSV file.

def createCatCSV( fileName ):
    file = open( fileName, "w" )
    file.write( """Minou, 3, vaccinated, tattooed, stray
Max, 1, not vaccinated, tattooed, Burmese
Gizmo, 2, vaccinated, tattooed, Bengal
Garfield, 4, not vaccinated, not tattooed, Orange Tabby
Silky, 3, vaccinated, tattooed, Siemese
Winston, 1, not vaccinated, not tattooed, stray\n""" )
    file.close()


def main():
    fileName = "cats.csv"
    createCatCSV( fileName )

    # open a csv file
    file = open( fileName, "r" )

    # process each line of the file
    for line in file:

        # split the line at the commas
        words = line.strip().split( "," )
        
        # skip lines that do not have 5 fields
        if len( words ) != 5:
            continue

        # print the fields
        for i in range( len( words ) ):
            print( "words[",i,"]=", words[i].strip(), end=", " )
        print()

if __name__=="__main__":
    main()

Merge this program and the one you wrote for Challenge #2, and make your program read the cats from a CSV file, extract each cat from a line of the file, and store it into a Cat object, and keep the collection of cat in a list. Then make the main program output the same lists of cats as before.

Wheel

You may find the following document describing the different graphic objects introduce in the Zelle's textbook useful.

Classes for a wheel and a Car

Below is the code we wrote in class this week:

# carNew.py
# D. Thiebaut
# first program using a class to define                                                                               
# a new graphic object: a wheel, which                                                                
# is made of 2 concentric circles.  The class
# Wheel supports methods to initialize the
# graphics object, draw it on the window,
# and move it.

from graphics import *
W = 400    # width of the graphics window
H = 400    # height of the graphics window

#----------------------------------------------------------------
class Wheel:
    """A class with two concentric circles"""

    def __init__( self, center, r1, r2 ):
        """constructor"""
        self.radius1 = min( r1, r2 )
        self.radius2 = max( r1, r2 )
        self.circ1 = Circle( center, self.radius1 )
        self.circ2 = Circle( center, self.radius2 )
        
    def draw( self, win ):
        """draws the wheel on the graphics window win"""
        self.circ2.draw( win )
        self.circ1.draw( win )

    def move( self, dx, dy ):
        self.circ1.move( dx, dy )
        self.circ2.move( dx, dy )

    def setFill( self, color1, color2 ):
        self.circ1.setFill( color1 )
        self.circ2.setFill( color2 )

    def getRadius1( self ):
        """returns the smallest radius"""
        return self.radius1

    def getRadius2( self ):
        """returns the largest radius"""
        return self.radius2

class Car:
    def __init__( self, P1, P2 ):
        self.body = Rectangle( P1, P2 )
        w =abs( P2.getX()-P1.getX() )
        h =abs( P2.getY()-P1.getY() )
        center1 = Point( w/4+P1.getX(), P2.getY() )
        center2 = Point( P2.getX()-w/4, P2.getY() )
        r2      = w/8
        r1      = r2/2
        self.w1 = Wheel( center1, r1, r2 )
        self.w2 = Wheel( center2, r1, r2 )

    def setFill( self, bodyc, tirec, insidec ):
        self.body.setFill( bodyc )
        self.w1.setFill( tirec, insidec )
        self.w2.setFill( tirec, insidec )

    def draw( self, win ):
        self.body.draw( win )
        self.w1.draw( win )
        self.w2.draw( win )

    def move( self, dx, dy):
        self.body.move( dx, dy )
        self.w1.move( dx, dy )
        self.w2.move( dx, dy )

#----------------------------------------------------------------
def waitForClick( win, message ):
    """ waitForClick: stops the GUI and displays a message.  
    Returns when the user clicks the window. The message is erased."""

    # wait for user to click mouse to start
    startMsg = Text( Point( win.getWidth()/2, win.getHeight()/2 ), message )
    startMsg.draw( win )    # display message
    win.getMouse()          # wait
    startMsg.undraw()       # erase


def main():
    """demo program for wheel: draws wheel on screen"""
    global W, H
    win = GraphWin( "wheel demo", W, H )
    waitForClick( win, "click to start" )

    #--- create new wheel object ---
    #w = Wheel( Point( W/2, H/2 ), 20, 40 )
    #w.setFill( "black", "yellow" )
    #w.draw( win )

    #--- create a car object ---
    car = Car( Point( 20, 20 ), Point( 120, 60 ) )
    car.setFill( "red", "yellow", "black" )
    car.draw( win )
    waitForClick( win, "click to move" )


    #--- move the car ---
    for i in range( 100 ):
        car.move( 3, 0 )

    waitForClick( win, "click to end" )

main()

Run the program a few times to make sure you understand how it works.

Assume that the programmer writing the main program (we always assume that the programmer writing the main program is different from the programmer writing the classes, as is most often the case in real life) forgot the rule that when building a car, the first point passed to the constructor is the top left point of the rectangle defining the body, and that the second point is the bottom right point of the body.

Instead the programmer creates the object car as follows:

   car = Car( Point( 120, 60 ), Point( 20, 20 ) )

Make this modification and run your program. What happens?

Fix the class Car so that the user can specify any point in any order (top-left, bottom-right), or (top-right, bottom-left), or (bottom-left, top-right), and the constructor will correctly define the body and the wheels to fit the shape defined by the two points.

Oh, by the way, the car is a two-door convertible. Add a door to the car. The door should be a simple rectangle in the middle of the body of the car, between the two wheels. (You may want to sketch the shape of the car on paper and figure out what proportions to use to position the door.)

Add a windshield to the car as well. You are free to define its shape, and the Polygon class will provide a nice solution for you. Polygons are defined in Section 3.6 of Zelle's 4-page document on his graphics library.

Random cars going in random directions

Make your program create a list of 5 cars.

Each car has a random horizontal velocity (dx != 0, dy=0), making it go left, or right. Make dx and dy part of the class, i.e. make these variables member variables of the class Car.

Make your program move all 5 cars at the same time, until all the cars have exited the window. As soon as the cars all disappear your program will stop. Think of an efficient way to do this... This is a bit tricky... (But we are at a time in the semester where you can deal with tricky questions... :-)

Solution Programs

Part 1

# lab9 programs
# D. Thiebaut

# getInput: returns an integer larger
# than 0.  Expected to be robust
def getInput():
   
   while  True:
      x = int( input( "Enter an integer greater than 0: " ) )
      if x <= 0:
         print( "Invalid entry.  Try again!" )
      else:   
         return x

# betterGetInput: returns an integer larger
# than 0.  Expected to be robust
def betterGetInput():
    
   # repeat forever...
   while  True:

      # try to get an int
      try:
          x = int( input( "Enter an integer greater than 0: " ) )
      except ValueError:
          # the user must have entered something other than an int
          print( "Invalid entry.  Not an integer.  Try again!" )
          continue

      # There was no errors.  See if the number is negative
      if x <= 0:
         print( "You entered a negative number.  Try again!" )
      else:   
         return x

def main1():
   num = betterGetInput()
   print( "You have entered", num )

# =======================================================================

def example1():
    print( "You will need to enter 3 pairs of ints..." )
    while True:
       try:
            x = int( input( "enter a number: " ) )
            y = int( input( "enter another number: " ) )
            print( x, '/', y, '=', x/y )
            break
       except ZeroDivisionError:
            print( "Can't divide by 0!" )
       except ValueError:
            print( "That doesn't look like a number!" )
       except:
            print( "something unexpected happend!" )

def example2( L ):
    print( "\n\nExample 2" )
    sum = 0
    for i in range( len( L ) ):
        try:
            sum +=  L[i]
        except TypeError:
            continue

    print( "sum of items in ", L, "=", sum )


def printUpperFile( fileName ):
    try:
       file = open( fileName, "r" )
    except FileNotFoundError:
       print( "***Error*** File", fileName, "not found!" )
       return

    # if we're here, the file is found and open
    for line in file:
       print( line.upper() )
    file.close()

def createTextFile( fileName ):
   file = open( fileName, "w" )
   file.write( "Welcome\nto\nCSC111\nIntroduction\nto\nComp.\nSci.\n" )
   file.close()

def main2():
    createTextFile( "csc111.txt" )

    example1()

    L = [ 10, 3, 5, 6, 9, 3 ]
    example2( L )
    #example2( [ 10, 3, 5, 6, "NA", 3 ] )

    printUpperFile( "csc111.txt" )
    #printUpperFile( "csc1111.txt" )

main2()

Part 2

# Lab9Part2.py
# D. Thiebaut
# A solution program for the first part of Lab 10.  The goal 
# is to create a list of car objects constructed from the Car
# class.  The Car class is made of a rectangular body, two
# wheels, a door, and a windshield.
# The cars are given a random direction (which cannot be
# 0) and move in that direction until all the cars have escaped
# the graphics window.
# This program uses Zelle's graphics library. 

from graphics import *
import random

W = 400   # width of the graphics window
H = 400   # height of the graphics window

#----------------------------------------------------------------
class Wheel:
    """A class with two concentric circles"""

    def __init__( self, center, r1, r2 ):
        """constructor"""
        self.radius1 = min( r1, r2 )
        self.radius2 = max( r1, r2 )
        self.circ1 = Circle( center, self.radius1 )
        self.circ2 = Circle( center, self.radius2 )
        
    def draw( self, win ):
        """draws the wheel on the graphics window win"""
        self.circ2.draw( win )
        self.circ1.draw( win )

    def move( self, dx, dy ):
        self.circ1.move( dx, dy )
        self.circ2.move( dx, dy )

    def setFill( self, color1, color2 ):
        self.circ1.setFill( color1 )
        self.circ2.setFill( color2 )

    def getRadius1( self ):
        """returns the smallest radius"""
        return self.radius1

    def getRadius2( self ):
        """returns the largest radius"""
        return self.radius2

#----------------------------------------------------------------
class Car:
    def __init__( self, P1, P2, dx ):
        """constructor.  Receives top-left and bottom-right point, and speed"""
        #--- create additional points needed for the car ---
        pp1 = Point( min( P1.getX(), P2.getX() ), min( P1.getY(), P2.getY() ) )
        pp2 = Point( max( P1.getX(), P2.getX() ), max( P1.getY(), P2.getY() ) )
        pp3 = Point( (pp1.getX()+pp2.getX())/2,  pp1.getY() )
        pp4 = Point( pp3.getX(), pp1.getY()-30 )
        pp5 = Point( (pp1.getX()+pp2.getX())/3, pp1.getY() )
        pp6 = Point( (pp1.getX()+pp2.getX())*2/3, pp1.getY() )

        #--- define the body ---
        self.body = Rectangle( pp1, pp2 )
        P1 = pp1
        P2 = pp2
         
        #--- the wheels ---
        w =abs( P2.getX()-P1.getX() )
        h =abs( P2.getY()-P1.getY() )
        center1 = Point( w/4+P1.getX(), P2.getY() )
        center2 = Point( P2.getX()-w/4, P2.getY() )
        r2      = w/8
        r1      = r2/2
        self.w1 = Wheel( center1, r1, r2 )
        self.w2 = Wheel( center2, r1, r2 )
        
        #--- adjust speed if equal to 0 ---
        if dx==0: dx = 2
        self.dx     = dx

        #--- put windshield in direction of motion ---
        if dx < 0:
            self.shield = Polygon( pp1, pp3, pp4 )
        else:
            self.shield = Polygon( Point( pp2.getX(), pp1.getY() ), pp3, pp4 )

        #--- create door ---
        self.door   = Rectangle( pp5, center2 )


    def setFill( self, bodyc, tirec, insidec ):
        """set the color of the body, and tires"""
        self.body.setFill( bodyc )
        self.shield.setFill( "lightblue" ) # windshield color fixed
        self.door.setFill( bodyc )
        self.w1.setFill( tirec, insidec )
        self.w2.setFill( tirec, insidec )

    def draw( self, win ):
        """draw all the parts, in the right order so that wheel overlap everything"""
        self.body.draw( win )
        self.door.draw( win )
        self.shield.draw( win )
        self.w1.draw( win )
        self.w2.draw( win )

    def move( self ):
        """move the car by its own speed"""
        self.body.move( self.dx, 0 )
        self.shield.move( self.dx, 0 )
        self.door.move( self.dx, 0 )
        self.w1.move( self.dx, 0 )
        self.w2.move( self.dx, 0 )

    def IsOutside(self, W, H):
        """returns True if car is outside the window defined by W and H"""

        #--- get leftmost and rightmost points ---
        P1 = self.body.getP1()
        P2 = self.body.getP2()
        leftX = P1.getX()
        rightX = P2.getX()

        #--- are they out? ---
        if leftX > W or rightX < 0:
            return True
        return False

#----------------------------------------------------------------
def waitForClick( win, message ):
    """ waitForClick: stops the GUI and displays a message.  
    Returns when the user clicks the window. The message is erased."""

    # wait for user to click mouse to start
    startMsg = Text( Point( win.getWidth()/2, win.getHeight()/2 ), message )
    startMsg.draw( win )    # display message
    win.getMouse()          # wait
    startMsg.undraw()       # erase


#----------------------------------------------------------------
def main():
    """demo program for a list of moving cars"""
    global W, H
    win = GraphWin( "wheel demo", W, H )
    waitForClick( win, "click to start" )

    #--- build a list of cars ---
    List = []
    for i in range( 3 ):
        car = Car( Point( 120, 60+i*50 ), Point( 20, 20+i*50 ), 3-random.randrange( 6 ) ) 
        car.setFill( "red", "yellow", "black" )
        car.draw( win )
        List.append( car )

    waitForClick( win, "click to move" )

    #--- move the cars ---
    while True:
        #--- as we move the cars, count the number of outside cars ---
        outsideCount = 0
        for car in List:
            car.move(  )
            if car.IsOutside(W, H):
                outsideCount += 1

        #--- if they are all outside, we quit ---
        if outsideCount >= len(List):
            break

    waitForClick( win, "click to end" )

main()

</showafterdate>

CSC111 Lab 9 2015

Contents

Exceptions

Part 1: Preparation

Review Class Example

Part 2: Exercise

Classes and Objects

Cats

Challenge #1: Tattooed Cats

Challenge #2: Vaccinated and Tattooed Cats

Challenge #3: Reading the Cat information from a CSV file

Wheel

Classes for a wheel and a Car

Random cars going in random directions

Solution Programs

Part 1

Part 2

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Tools