CSC231 Bash Tutorial 4

--D. Thiebaut (talk) 14:13, 22 February 2017 (EST)

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Using the Vi Editor

• Go through the first 3 sections of this interactive tutorial on Vim:

• Introduction
• Two Modes
• Basic Movement

• Once you are done, get a copy of a short text file, edit it (enter your first and last name, as well as your account number in the right place), and submit it. Do not user emacs to edit the file! The steps are illustrated below:

getcopy viFile.txt
vi viFile.txt
submitVi viFile.txt

Redirection

• We have seen in the previous lab how to use pipes to take the output of a program and feed it to the input of another.
• Redirection is similar, except that the input or the output is fed from, or fed to a file, respectively.

Example 1: storing the output of a command into a file

• Try this:

last

this will list the last login times of all the users on Aurora. If you want to target a particular user, say 231b, you can try this:

last | grep "231b "               (make sure there's a space after the b)

• Assume you want to store these login time into a file, so that you can share it with somebody else, or send as an attachment. You simply use the > sign to store the output of the last command into a file:

last | grep "231b "  >  logins231b.txt

• You won't see any output, as it is being redirected. Look at the files in your directory and see that you have a new file called logins231b.txt.
• Display the contents of this file with the cat or with the less command.

You now have a new way of storing the output of a program into a file.

Challenge #1:

Create a text file called "231Students.txt" that contains their last login information, but make sure the information from User 231b (your instructor) is not stored in the file.

Side-step: Sorting text

Linux sports a command to sort text. It's called "sort." To see how it works, try this:

last | sort

• If you had wanted the output in reverse order, you could have typed:

last | sort -r

• Sometimes the information returned by a linux command contains numbers at the beginning of the first line. du, which returns the "disk usage" of a directory, i.e. the amount of disk space taken by each file, is such a command. Let's try it:

du /etc

You get a list of all the files in the /etc directory, with their size at the beginning of each line.

• Try to sort this list:

du /etc  | sort

• See the problem? Sorting numbers alphabetically does not yield what we expect. Instead we can tell sort to sort numerically:

du /etc  | sort -n

Challenge #2:

Create a text file called "231Students.txt" using redirection, and make it contain the login information for 231 students, sorted in alphabetical order, but make sure the information from User 231b (your instructor) is not stored in the file.

Challenge #3:

Create a text file using redirection that contains only the 10 largest files found in the /etc/ directory. The file should be called top10etcFiles.txt. Be careful that the last line of the output of sort is the total of all the files, and shouldn't be included in the top10etcFiles.txt file.

Redirecting Stderr

• Run the du command another time, and pay attention to the lines that contain a "Permission denied" message:

 du /etc

When I run it, I get these messages interspersed here and there:

28	/etc/pm
4	/etc/ndiswrapper
8	/etc/rc4.d
4	/etc/mate-settings-daemon/xrandr
8	/etc/mate-settings-daemon
du: cannot read directory ‘/etc/chatscripts’: Permission denied
4	/etc/chatscripts
28088	/etc

These messages are error messages reported by du. They do not create du to crash. du is just reporting failure to look at a particular directory or file.

• Let's capture all these "Permission denied" message to a file:

du /etc  > duErrors.txt

• and let's look in the file just captured:

cat duErrors.txt

?

• Do you see anything in duErrors.txt?
• Why?
• What's happening?

The explanation is that when du outputs one of the "Permission denied" lines, it does not output them to sdtout, the standard output. It outputs the to a different output stream, called stderr, for standard error. This is the stream one should use to output error messages.

By default, outputs to stderr and stdout are sent to the screen. If you use > to capture the output of a program, you capture only the part sent to stdout and not the part sent to stderr. To capture the output sent to stderr to a file, we need to use 2> as a symbol:

du /etc 2>  duErrors.txt

and now try:

cat duErrors.txt

You have captured the stderr output to a file.

Getting Rid of Stderr

Sometimes we know that there will be message sent to stderr by the command/program, but we don't want to see them. Possibly because there are too many.

For example, assume we want to apply du to all the student accounts, which live in /Users/classes/ and sort the resulting list to see who's hogging up the most disk space:

du /Users/classes  | sort -n | tail -n 10

• Try the previous command. See how the error messages are polluting the output?
• What we could do, instead, is sent the stderr lines to a file, and sort only the stdout lines coming out of du:

du /Users/classes 2> duErrors.txt  | sort -n | tail -n 10

• Try it.
• The output is much cleaner, isn't it?

Challenge #4:

Get a copy of the java program GenErrors.class

getcopy GenErrors.class

and run it:

java GenErrors

How many lines does this program send to stderr?

How many lines does it send to stdout?

Redirecting stdin

Stdin normally represents the keyboard. To see how you can redirect it, create this very simple Python program called demo.py:

#! /usr/bin/env python3

print( "Enter 3 integers, one per line: " )
x = int( input( "> " ) )
y = int( input( "> " ) )
z = int( input( "> " ) )
print( "sum = ", x+y+z )

and make the program executable:

chmod +x demo.py

and run it:

./demo.py

• Assume that this program computes something much more involved than the simple summation shown here, and that you have to run and test your program many times with the same values, say 10, 20, and 30. One way to spend less time running your program is to force it to get its inputs from a file rather than from the keyboard, and force you to enter the same numbers over and over:
• Create a text file your favorite editor called myinputs.txt and add 3 lines containing the 3 numbers:

10
20
30

10 should be one the first line. 30 on the third. Make sure you type ENTER at least twice after the last line.

• Now run the program and force it to get its input from the file myinputs.txt:

./demo.py < myinputs.txt

• You will notice that the output is confusing. None of the numbers obtained from the input file appear on the screen, and all the input prompts are on the same line. This is because when you type an input at the keyboard, it automatically is echoed on on the screen, including when you press the ENTER key: it moves the cursor on the screen to the next line. When you feed the input to the program from a file, then there's no echo to the display. This is why the 3 prompts are on the same line, and why we don't see the 3 numbers that are fed to the program.
• Get used to it. That's how redirecting the input works.

Challenge #5:

Run the demo.py program again, so that it gets its input from the myinputs.txt file, and such that you capture its output, and only the line that says "sum =" into a file called myoutput.txt.

Moodle Quiz

You are ready for the Moodle quiz! </showafterdate>






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Challenges Solutions

Challenge 1

last | grep "231b" | grep -v "231b "  > 231students.txt

Challenge 2

last | grep "231b" | grep -v "231b " | sort > 231students.txt

Challenge 3

du /etc | sort -n | tail -n 11 | head -n 10 > top10filesInEtc.txt

Challenge 4

java GenErrors 2> GenErrors.txt | wc -l
9915

9915 lines are sent to stdout

wc -l GenErrors.txt
85 GenErrors.txt

85 lines are sent to stderr

Challenge 5

./demo.py < myinputs.txt  | grep sum > myoutputs.txt
cat myoutputs.txt 
> > > sum =  60

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